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82. Advanced Scientific Computing Research (ASCR); Basic Energy Sciences (BES); Biological and Environmental Research (BER); Fusion Energy Sciences (FES); High-Energy Physics (HEP); Nuclear Physics (NP); Isotope R&D and Production (IRP); and Accelerator R&D and Production (ARDAP). U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Chief Financial Officer, Department of Energy FY 2025 Congressional Budget Request, Volume 5, Science, April 2022, pp. 10-14, https://www.energy.gov/sites/default/files/2022-05/doe-fy2023-budget-volume-5science-v2.pdf (accessed March 1, 2023).

83. For example, the CHIPS and Science Act authorizes $50 billion for the Office of Science. U.S. Department of

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84. U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Chief Financial Officer, Department of Energy FY 2023 Congressional

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85. U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Environmental Management, “Mission,” httos://Awww.energy.gov/em/

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86. U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Environmental Management, “Cleanup Sites,” https://www.energy.gov/

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87. U.S. Government Accountability Office, “DOE’s Environmental Liability,” GAO-21-585R, June 2021, p. 2, https://

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88. Chart, “EM’s Annual Spending and Estimated Environmental Liability (Fiscal Years 2011-2020),” in ibid., p. 1.

89. U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Chief Financial Officer, Department of Energy FY 2023 Congressional

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90. Ibid.

91. U.S. Government Accountability Office, Nuclear Waste: DOE Needs Greater Leadership Stability and Commitment to Accomplish Cleanup Mission, GAO-22-104805, https://www.gao.gov/assets/gao-22-104805. pdf#:~:text=DOE%20Needs%20Greater%20Leadership%20Stability%20and%20Commitment%20to,May%20 2022%20GA0-22-104805%20United%20States%20Government%20Accountability%200ffice May 2022, (accessed February 14, 2023).

92. U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Chief Financial Officer, Department of Energy FY 2023 Congressional

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93. H.R. 3809, Nuclear Waste Policy Act of 1982, Public Law No. 97-425, Title |, Subtitle B.

94. Ibid., Title Ill, § 304.

95. See, for example, Chapter 4, “The Need for Geologic Disposal,” in Blue Ribbon Commission on America’s

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96. Press release, “DOE Announces $16 Million to Support Consent-Based Siting for Spent Nuclear Fuel,” U.S.

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97. U.S. Department of Energy, Agency Financial Report, Fiscal Year 2022, DOE/CF-0191, p. 58, https://www.

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98. H.R. 3809, Nuclear Waste Policy Act of 1982, Public Law No. 97-425, Title Ill, § 302.

99. Ibid., p. 57.

100. Table, “Department of Energy Comparative Organization by Congressional Control, FY 2023,” p. 5, in U.S.

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101. U.S. Department of Energy, National Nuclear Security Administration, “Missions,” https://www.energy.gov/ nnsa/missions#:-:text=NNSA%20ensures%20the%20United%20States%20maintains%20a%20safe%2C,0f%20 nuclear%20and%20radiological%20terrorism%20around%20the%20world (accessed March 2, 2023).

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102

103. 104.

112

113

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105

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107. 108.

. §.1059, National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2000, Public Law 106-65, 106th Congress, October 5, 1999, §§ 3201-3299, https://www.congress.gov/106/plaws/publ65/PLAW-l06publ65.pdf (accessed

February 14, 2023).

gov/2022/Oct/27/200 arch 2, 2023).

U.S. Department of En www.energy.gov/nnsa U.S. Department of En

6 US. Code 8 8240, h 6 US. Code 8 8240-1,

Budget Request, Budget in Brief, p. 27.

See Geller, “U.S. Nuclear Weapons.” U.S. Department of Defense, 202? National Defense Strategy of the United States of America, Including the 2022 Nuclear Posture Review and the 2022 Missile Defense Review, pp. 3 and 20, https://media.defense. AL-DEFENSE-STRATEGY-NPR-MDR.PDF (accessed

3103845/-1/-1/1/2022

ergy, National Nuclea

ergy, Office of Chief Fi

tos://www.law.cornel

/plutonium-pit-produc

https://www.law.corne

ATIO

nancia

Security Administration, “Plutonium Pit Production,” https:// ion (accessed March 13, 2023). Officer, Department of Energy FY 2023 Congressional

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109. 110.

111

This Summer,” May Announcement.pdf Ethan Howland, “IS Utility Dive, Octobe

For example, the California blackouts in Aug orth American Electric Reliability Corporati 18, 2022, https://www.ne (accessed February 14, 2

ust 2020 and the Texas blackouts and deaths in February 2021.

O-NE, ERCOT, MISO Face r 21, 2022, https://www.u

on, “Announcement: Extreme Weather Heightens Reliability Risks c.com/news/Headlines%20DL/May%2018%202022%20SRA%20 023). Possible Capacity Shortfalls in Extreme Winter Weather: FERC,” ilitydive.com/news/FERC-iso-ne-ercot-miso-extreme-winter

weather-report/634682/ (accessed February 14, 2023), and North American Energy Reliability Corporation,

“Announcement:

ERC Warns Generation Resources Tight in Large Portion of North America This Winter;

November 17, 2022, https://www.nerc.com/news/Headlines%20DL/2022%20WRA%20Release%20final.pdf (accessed February 14, 2023).

Note

hat the challenges to the grid are com

ing mainly from subsidized renewable resources. Renewable

resources have beneficial attributes, and the electric grid can benefit from embracing an all-of-the-above

approach to power

generation.

See U.S. Department of Energy, U.S. Energy Information Administration, “Glossary: Reserve Margin,” https://

www.eia.gov/tools/glossary/index.php?id=reserve_margin (accessed February 14, 2023).

After Substation A\ attack-on-north-ca February 14, 2023). U.S. Department o SOs,” last updated February 14, 2023). Such as th

summer 2022). See notes 110 and

Dan Frosch and Ginger Adams Otis, “North Carolina Power Outage Leaves 33,000 Without Electricity

tack,” The Wall Street Journal, December 5, 2022, https://www.wsj.com/articles/ rolina-power-substations-leaves-45-000-without-electricity-11670200585 (accessed

Energy, Federal Energy Regulatory Commission, “Power Sales and Markets: RTOs and May 3, 2022, https://www.ferc.gov/power-sales-and-markets/rtos-and-isos (accessed

Il, supra; North American

• blackouts and shortages in California (August 2020, summer 2022) and Texas (February 2021,

Electric Reliability Corporation, “2022 Summer Reliability

Assessment,” May 2022, https://www.nerc.com/pa/RAPA/ra/Reliability%20Assessments%20DL/NERC_

SRA_2022.pdf (accessed March

Winter Re

U.S. Department of Regional T

February 14, 2023).

content/pkg/FR-2022-05-04/pd

3, 2023); and North American Electric Reliability Corporation, “2022-2023 iability Assessment,” November 2022, https://www.nerc.com/pa/RAPA/ra/Reliability%20 Assessments%20DL/NERC_WRA_2022.pdf (accessed March 13, 2023).

Energy, Federal Energy Regulatory Commission, “Building for the Future Through Electric

ansmission Planning and Cost Allocation and Generator Interconnection,” Notice o Rulemaking, Federal Register, Vol. 87, No. 86 (May 4, 2022), pp. 26504-26611, https:/Awww.govinfo.gov/ /2022-08973.pdf (accessed February 14, 2023), and U.S. Department of Energy, Federal Energy Regulatory Commission, “Improvements to Generator Interconnection Procedures and Agreements,” Notice of Proposed Rulemaking, Federal Register, Vol. 87, No. 127 (July 5, 2022), pp. 39934-40032, https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/FR-2022-07-05/pdf/2022-13470.pdf (accessed

Proposed